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Description of solution
The Zorrotzaurre project is an urban renewal project to promote the sustainable restoration of a currently derelict site in the Zorrotzaurre peninsula, northwest of the city centre. The plan is to create a new quarter that is well-connected to the rest of the city, with affordable housing, environmentally-friendly business areas, social and cultural facilities, and spacious green areas for recreation. The Master Plan was designed by the architect Zaha Hadid, and includes the conversion of the current Zorrotzaurre peninsula into an island by opening up the Deusto Canal. The plan foresees a total surface of 673 000 m2 and includes flood prevention measures, a transport network, and restoration of the area's cultural heritage.<ul><li>Ecosystem services:<ul><li>Water management: Flood control; Water flow regulation and run off mitigation</li><li>Air quality: Regulation of air quality by urban trees and forests; Urban temperature regulation</li><li>Public health wellbeing: Nature based recreation</li><li>Social justice cohesion: Nature based education; Heritage, cultural</li><li>Green space management: Habitat and gene pool regulation; Lifecycle regulation</li><li>Links to further Ecosystem-based Approaches: Ecosystem-based adaptation (EBA);</li><li>Green Infrastructure (GI)</li></ul></li><li>Impacts:<ul><li>Enhancing sustainable urbanisation: Changing image of the urban environment; Creation of green jobs relating to construction & maintenance of NBS; Increase accessibility to green open spaces; Increase population & infrastructures protected by NBS; Increase well-being; Increase willingness to invest in NBS</li><li>Restoring ecosystems and their functions: Greater ecological connectivity across urban regenerated sites; Improve connectivity and functionality of green and blue infrastructures; Increase achievements of biodiversity targets; Increased cultural richness and biodiversity</li><li>Developing climate change mitigation: Carbon sequestration and storage; More energy efficient buildings; Reduction of energy in the production of new buildings and building materials;</li><li>Developing climate change adaptation; improving risk management and resilience: Better protection and restoration of coastal ecosystems; Flood peak reduction; Reduce flood risk</li></ul></li></ul>
Key lessons:<ul><li>Local authorities clearly understand that NBS projects have multiple benefits. This is evident in Bilbao's upcoming Master Plan, which strongly promotes NBS as a means of achieving the city's four main objectives.</li><li>Having a local project partner contact made the relationship between the RAMSES FP7 project and the local authority much easier.</li><li>Bilbao's history of successfully managing severe crises with commitment and creativity has helped it to adopt innovative measures.</li></ul>
Economic constraints are the major factor that limits the adoption of NBS in Bilbao. In addition, local technical staff have little time available to collaborate in EU-level research projects.Another limiting factor is that even though the city was a partner in EU research projects, this has not incentivised it to subsequently apply for funds to implement the project's findings.
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The local authorities promote stakeholder and citizen participation in urban-planning decisions, but these participatory processes have not yet been formalised.
<ol><li>Acero, J.A; Katzschner, L. (2015). Urban Climatic map studies in Spain, Bilbao in Edward Ng, Chao Ren (ed.) The Urban Climatic Map: A Methodology for Sustainable Urban Planning, pg. 315-323.</li><li>Acero, J. A., Santa Coloma, O., Albizu, M., Castillo, C. and Barquin, M. (2005). Risk of episodes in the Basque Country. Paper presented at the 5th International Conference on Air Quality. Valencia, Spain, 29–31 March.</li><li>Acero, J. A., Zeberio, U., Azkune, S. and Santa Coloma, O. (2007). Air quality levels in the Basque Country (Spain): Source contribution and meteorology influence. Paper presented at the 6th International Conference on Urban Air Quality. Nicosia, Cyprus, 27–29 March.</li><li>Acero, J. A., Arrizabalaga, J., Kupski, S. and Katzschner, L. (2013a). Urban heat island in a coastal urban area in northern Spain. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 113(1–2): 137–154. doi: 10.1007/s00704-012-0774-z.</li><li>Acero, J. A., Arrizabalaga, J., Kupski, S. and Katzschner, L. (2013b). Deriving an Urban Climate Map in coastal areas with complex terrain in the Basque Country (Spain). Urban Climate, 4: 35–60. doi: 10.1016/j. uclim.2013.02.002.</li><li>Millan, M., Alonso, L., Legarreta, J., Albizu, M., Ureta, I. and Egusquiaguirre, C. (1984). A fumigation episode in an industrialized estuary: Bilbao, November 1981. Atmospheric Environment, 18(3): 563–572.</li><li>Millan, M., Otamendi, E., Alonso, L, and Ureta, I. (1987). Experimental characterization of atmospheric diffusion in complex terrain with land-sea interactions. JAPCA, 37(7): 807–811.</li><li>Zorraquino, J. (1971). Datos y comentarios sobre la Contaminación del Aire en Erandio (Bilbao) en 1969. DYNA, 1: 19–29.</li><li>European Commission financed FP7 project RAMSES and authored by VITO and Tecnalia as D4.1 “Validation of agglomeration-scale climate projections” (2014).</li><li>European Commission financed FP7 project RAMSES and authored by VITO and Tecnalia as D4.2 “Agglomeration-scale urban climate and air quality projections” (2015).</li><li>European Commission financed FP7 project RAMSES and authored by NTNU and Tecnalia (2014).</li><li>European Commission financed FP7 project ECONADAPT and authored by Paolo Scussolini (VUA), Kateřina Kaprová and Jan Melichar (CUNI), Elisa Sainz de Murieta (BC3), Ibon Galarraga (BC3), Manuel Lago, Josselin Rouillard; Jenny Troeltzsch (ECOLOGIC INSTITUTE)</li><li>European Commission financed FP7 project ECONADAPT and authored by Paolo Scussolini (VUA), Kateřina Kaprová and Jan Melichar (CUNI), Elisa Sainz de Murieta (BC3), Alina Tepes (BC3), Ibon Galarraga (BC3), Josselin Rouillard, Jenny Troeltzsch and Manuel Lago (ECOLOGIC INSTITUT)</li><li>European Commission financed FP7 project RAMSES and authored by NTNU and Tecnalia as D4.3 “Urban Adaptation effects on Urban Climate” (2016).</li><li>European Commission financed FP7 project RAMSES and authored by NTNU (2014).</li><li>AZTI Tecnalia (2011).</li><li>European Commission financed FP7 project RAMSES and authored by LSE & SENECA as D5.1 (2014).</li><li>European Commission financed FP7 project RAMSES and authored by UVSQ as D7.1 (2014).</li><li>http://www.bilbao.eus/cs/Satellite?cid=3000076722&language=en&p… FP7-RAMSES and H2020-RESIN contributions for BILBAO<ol><li>http://www.ramses-cities.eu/fileadmin/uploads/Deliverables_Uploaded/ram… http://www.bilbao.eus/aurrerago/pdfs/memoria_propositiva_tomoI_memoria… http://www.bilbao.eus/blogs/pgou/visualiza</li></ol></li></ol>
The city runs along the Bilbao estuary, which extends from the southeast to the northwest and is surrounded by two mountain ranges that run parallel to the waterway. The mountain ranges are highest in the west, where they reach 700 m